Derivation: Camper, Petrus, The progression of skulls and facial expressions — from monkey, through black, to the average European, and thence to the Greek ideal-type. This image is from a late 18th century chart by Dutch physician, artist, and professor of anatomy Petrus Camper (1722–1789). Camper's work predated eugenics as a discrete belief system, but touched upon its roots and was used to legitimate its theories.